Patriotism Through Organized Education Series

Handbook
of
WAR Facts and Peace
Problems

BY

ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM

Fourth and entirely new Edition of the Handbook
of the War for Readers, Speakers, and Teachers

255th Thousand

Free to Members of the League on application
while the present issue lasts

COMMITTEE ON
ORGANIZED EDUCATION

NATIONAL SECURITY LEAGUE
19 WEST 44th STREET
NEW YORK

1919

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The future of the Republic depends upon the character of its citizenship. We are not building permanently unless the youth of the land are made fully acquainted with the meaning of American citizenship. We must give patriotism a vitality which will find expression in service. We cannot make democracy safe for the world by writing treaties. The spirit of democracy must be in the minds of the people, and this means that they must understand the basic principles of democratic government. For this reason I hope that the National Security League will not cease its work with the end of the war. It is engaged upon a great constructive effort which proposes a solid foundation of practical knowledge, and its duty toward generations yet unborn demands that its well-laid, definite and essential Plans shall be carried forward year by year.

THOMAS R. MARSHALL
The Vice-President's Chambers,
Washington, December 8,1917.

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The material in this handbook may be used for patriotic purposes
if credit is given to this handbook.

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PREFACE

The National Security League, on August 30th, 1917, issued a Handbook of the War by Professor Albert Bushnell Hart of Harvard University and Professor Arthur O. Lovejoy of John Hopkins University. In the introduction it was there stated: "This little book is designed primarily to be of service to those who take part in the campaign of patriotic education initiated by The National Security League. It seeks to set down in brief outline the essentials of that great argument which it will be the work of the participants in the campaign to develop, to enrich with their personal contributions, and to bring home to the mind and conscience of the citizens of the Republic." Over a hundred and fifty thousand copies of that "Handbook" were printed and distributed in three editions.

During the Summer of 1918, Prof. C. C. Pearson of Wake Forrest College, made a careful revision of that text, incorporating more recent facts and material. This material was then put in the hands of Prof. A. L. Frothingham, formerly of Princeton University, for reconstruction and completion. The result has been an entirely new work, following somewhat in its arrangement the plan of the original Handbook.

The reconstruction gradually grew in its scope. The old Handbook had opened with America's entrance into the war. Since then it had become increasingly important that Americans should know: (1) What were the political conditions and alliances in the old world before the war; (2) Why and how Germany brought on the war; (3) How Germany conducted the war before we entered it; and (4) The main events of the war, so that we can estimate it correctly. This meant three entirely new chapters at the beginning. While they were in course of preparation, the Armistice came and this again made it necessary to rewrite, entirely and on a new plan, the chapter on the Diplomatic Problems of Peace, and new final chapters on the Problems our citizens must face during the next few years. These Problems of Peace and the History of the War cannot be separated.

The Editorial Committee for this book of the Committee on Organized Education of the National Security League consists of

The arrangement of the material should be noted. Ordinarily each chapter begins with a "General Statement" in narrative form; this followed by a citation of "Illustrative Extracts" with authorities and events. It is hoped that this will stimulate careful thought and free judgment, and an understanding of the causes, issues, and results of the war; and that it will help teachers, readers, and speakers to pass on this understanding. to others and thus help in the great work of making and keeping intelligent citizens. The Table of Contents gives an analysis of the subject matter.

HENRY D. THOMPSON,
Educational Secretary.

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ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS

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__PRONUNCIATION OF SOME FOREIGN WORDS
__BOOKS FOR REFERENCE

CHAPTER I
HOW THE GOVERNMENT OF GERMANY, WITH AUSTRIA, PREPARED FOR THE WAR FOR WORLD DOMINATION

__Democracy versus Absolutism
__German World Domination
__Alliance of the Three Autocracies
__Germany Courts Turkey
__Italy joins the Central Powers
__The Triple Entente
__The Kaiser's Threats, 1905-11
__Italy Fights Turkey
__First Balkan War
__Second Balkan War
__Serbia Threatened
__Germany a Despotic Autocracy .
__German Education for World Conquest
__Kultur
__German International Morals
__The German God
__The Pan-German Plan
__German Propaganda Outside Germany

ILLUSTRATIVE EXTRACTS

__Declarations of Prussian Autocracy
__Education for War in 1913
__Geographical Pan-Germany in 1912
__Thyssen's Hohenzollern Dream
__Purpose of the German Defence League
__Apotheosis of War
__German Theory of the Conduct of War
__Might is Right
__A Danish View of Kultur
__"Der Tag" and War on England
__Enslavement of Other Races
__The German God
__Purpose of the Pan-German League
__General Bernhardi (1912)
__Germany's Plan in Italy
__Goetzen's Threat to U. S. (1898)
__Delbrueck Law of Divided Allegiance
__Economic War Conference, May, 1914
__Austrian Pre-War Sentiments
__Industrial Mobilization Planned June 9, '14

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CHAPTER II
RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE WAR. THE 13 DAYS.

__German Claim of a Defensive War
__Its Falsity
__The 13 Days, July 23-Aug. 4, '14
__Germany's Plan in 1913
__The Serajevo Murders
__First Potsdam Meeting
__Ultimatum Presented to Serbia
__The 48 Hours' Grace
__Serbia's Reply
__Austria Declares War on Serbia
__Russia's Moderation
__Second Potsdam Meeting
__Russia Proposes Hague Arbitration
__Grey's Appeal .
__Mobilization
__Germany Declares War
__Grey's Work .
__Germany's Secret Documents
__Germans Invade Luxemburg
__Germany's False Promises

ILLUSTRATIVE EXTRACTS

__Lichnowsky Pronounces Germany Guilty
__German Confession of Perjury
__German Confession of Guilt
__Italy's Position by Giolitti .
__German War Plan of 1913
__Morganthau on Potsdam Meeting
__Muehlon on Potsdam Meeting
__Lerchenfeld Exposes Germany's Guilt
__Germany's Threats .
__Russia's Final Efforts at Conciliation
__Efforts of England to Avert War
__Proposals of Grey, July 27 and 31
__Germany's Reply
__Summary of England's Position by Grey
__Lichnowsky Says Germany Wanted War
__Germany's Plan to Invade Belgium
__Germany Promises Inviolability .
__Summary of German View
__Surprise at England's Action
__Harden on Germany's Will to War
__The Kaiser, June 1915

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CHAPTER III
GERMANY'S PURPOSE AND METHOD IN MAKING WAR

__German Warfare System
__Teachings of the German War Book
__Varieties of German Crimes
__Mental Tortures
__Plan to Crush Economic Life
__German Plan to Keep Slavs Ignorant
__The Prussian Horror in Poland
__The German Army in Belgium and Northern France
__The Use of Deadly Microbes
__The Deadly Microbes at Bucharest
__Desecration and Destruction of Churches
__German Filthiness
__Murder Traps
__Germany's Submarine Warfare

ILLUSTRATIVE EXTRACTS

__German World Philosophy
__German Use of Ignorance
__German War Madness
__Prayer to the "German God
__Song of the German Sword
__Vierorde's Hymn, "Germany, Hate!
__Lissauer's Chant of Hate Against England
__"Gott Strafe England" (God Punish England)
__Frightfulness of Erzberger
__Glorification of Atrocities
__Kaiser Confesses to Murder Policy
__Quotations from German War Book
__German Official Documents
__Notice at Hasselt, Belgium
__Classes Ordered Shot in Grivegnée
__Bassewitz Proves Belgian Innocence at Huy
__Placard at Luneville
__Threats Against Hostages
__Kaiser Orders That No Prisoners Be Taken
__Official Orders to Kill All Prisoners
__Testimony of German Soldiers
__The Killing of Prisoners
__Diaries on Belgian Atrocities
__Massacre of Russians at Masurian Lakes
__Atrocities
__Atrocious Murders at Sommeilles
__German War on Hospital Ships
__Probert Report on Northern France
__The Balkans and the East
__Attempt to Destroy Serbia
__Austrian Methods for Murder
__Bulgarian Prison Horrors at Sofia
__Deportations of the Greeks
__To the Governor of Smyrna
__Greek Protest to U. S. Government
__Martyrdom of the Armenians
__German on Germany's Armenian Massacres

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CHAPTER IV
THE EVENTS WHICH FORCED THE UNITED STATES INTO THE WAR .

__German Maritime Outrages
__The Lusitania and Our Warnings
__German Promises
__Promises Broken
__Sussex Torpedoed. New Promise Broken
__German Violations of Our Neutrality
__Diplomatic Relations Severed
__Declaration of War

ILLUSTRATIVE EXTRACTS

__German Plan to Make America Pay for War
__American Protest Against War Zone Decree
__German Delight Over Lusitania
__Warning to Germany After the Lusitania
__Germany's Promise Regarding Liners
__Germany's Second Promise
__Rights of American Citizens by Pres. Wilson
__Pres. Wilson's Second Sussex Note
__Germany Officially Breaks Her Promise
__Reason for Renewed Submarine Frightfulness
__Secretary Lansing's Indictment of Germany
__Should U. S. Have Laid an Embargo on Arms?
__German Activities in Neutral Countries
__German Intrigues in U. S. Before War
__German Plots in Neutral America
__Strikes
__Pressure on Congress
__Destruction of Ships and Cargoes
__Forgery of Passports
__Secret Zimmermann Dispatch
__Senate Investigation of German Propaganda
__Propagandists' Group Formed
__Propagandists Sent to U. S.
__Propaganda Work
__Great Silent Army Here
__Bernstorff on Subsidizing Press
__Fox, the Faked Russian Atrocities
__Declaration of War by Congress

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CHAPTER V
OUR GOVERNMENT'S CONDUCT OF THE WAR

__Our Unpreparedness
__New War Machinery
__The Council of National Defense
__The War Industries Board
__Raw Materials
__Government Regulation of the Public
__The Government and Labor
__Employment of Labor
__Cost of the War
__Loans to Farmers and Industries
__What the Colleges Have Done
__Investigation of Enemy Property

ILLUSTRATIVE EXTRACTS

__Secretary Baker's Report (1918)
__General Pershing's Report
__American Zone
__Artillery, Airplanes, Tanks
__The Navy
__The Merchant Marine, August, 1918
__U. S. Insures Soldiers and Sailors
__United States War Financing
__How America Has Fed All the Allies

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CHAPTER VI
NEW ACTIVITIES OF THE CITIZEN .

__Organized Patriotism
__National Americanizing League
__The War Chest for War Relief
__Young Americans as Producers
__Women's Work Widened
__Our Attitude Towards Food
__Individual Loyalty

ILLUSTRATIVE EXTRACTS

__Americanism
__The Duty of the Foreign Born
__Disloyal Declaration
__The Red Cross at Work
__Y. M. C. A.
__The Knights of Columbus
__The Jewish Welfare Board
__The Salvation Army
__Labor and the War .

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CHAPTER VII
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF MILITARY OPERATIONS,

__The Four Stages

__1914
__Belgium
__Invasion of France
__Battle of the Marne

__The Second Stage
__Race for the Channel
__Russian Invasions of Prussia and Galicia
__Turkey joins Germany
__German Invasion of Poland

__1915
__German Stalemate
__Russians Lose in Prussia, Win in Galicia
__Russian Defeats in Galicia and Poland
__Italy Enters War
__Second Battle of Ypres
__Serbia Conquered
__Armenian and Other Massacres

__1916
__Germans Attack Verdun
__Battle of the Somme
__New Russian Offensives
__Rumania joins the Allies
__Rumania Overwhelmed
__Jutland Sea-Fight

__1917
__Allied Plans

__The Third Stage
__Russia Drops Out of War
__German Unrestricted Submarine War
__Allies Advance to Hindenburg Line
__Battle of Arras
__America Enters the War
__Greece joins the Allies
__Allied Offensive in Flanders
__Expansion of German Dominion, 1917
__Italian Disaster of Caporetto
__Bolsheviki Control Russia
__Battle of Cambrai

__1918
__Pan-Germanism Accomplished
__Allies Prepared to Meet Offensive
__Final German Drive in West
__British Defeat
__German Gains
__Lull in the Attack
__Third German Drive in Champagne

__The Fourth Stage
__Great Allied Offensive
__Château-Thierry and St. Mihiel
__Turkey Falls
__Bulgaria Surrenders
__The Balkans Reconquered
__Italy Makes Austria Surrender
__Germany Begs for Peace
__The Armistice
__Surrender of the German Fleet
__Allied Advance to the Rhine
__New States of Central Europe

__General Summary
__Germany's Blunders
__Germany's Assets
__Blunders of the Allies
__How This War Was Different
__In the Air
__On the Water
__Land Warfare, Trenches, Poison Gas
__Aerial Warfare
__War at Sea and the Submarine
__Damage Caused by U-boats
__Anti-Submarine Methods
__Merchant Tonnage Destroyed by Germany

__German Summary of the War

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CHAPTER VIII
INTERNAT1ONAL PROBLEMS OF PEACE AND
SKETCHES OF WARRING PEOPLES

__A Dictated Peace
__Early Peace Proposals
__The Pope's Proposal
__Central Powers' Proposals in 1918
__President Wilson's Answers
__The Armistice
__The President's journey
__Difficult Problems of the Peace Conference
__League of Nations
__New International Law Code
__The Peace Conference

__The British Empire
__Belgium
__France
__Italy
__Former German Empire
__Denmark
__Austria-Hungary
__The Czecho-Slovak State
__The Jugoslav State
__Serbia
__Montenegro
__Bulgaria
__Rumania
__Greece
__Russia
__Poland
__Finland
__The Three Baltic Provinces
__Esthonia
__Livonia
__Courland
__Lithuania
__Ukraine
__Turkey
__Albania
__Armenia
__Palestine
__Syria
__An Arab Kingdom

ILLUSTRATIVE EXTRACTS

__Allied Peace Terms of January, 1917
__The President's 14 Peace Conditions
__The President's 5 Points, Sept. 27, 1918
__Germany's Request for Peace Negotiation
__The President's Reply, Oct. 8, '19
__Allied Note Agreeing to Negotiate
__German Freedom of the Seas
__For Those Who Think Germany Has Been Treated Severely
__Shall Germany Get Back Her Colonies?
__German Colonies
__Germany's Inhuman Treatment of African Colonies
__The Criminals at the Bar
__Germany's Loot and Its Restitution
__Germany's Reparation
__A German's Sentiments
__What Kind of Peace?
__A League of Nations
__Allied Pact of London of Sept. 5, 1914
__Jugoslavs and Italy Clash
__Pact of Rome Between Italy and Jugoslavs
__Jugoslav Declaration of Corfu
__Return of Alsace-Lorraine
__League of Nations
__The Peace Treaty with Germany
__Mandatories for German Colonies

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CHAPTER IX
INTERNAL PROBLEMS OF PEACE FOR THE CITIZEN

__America self-sustaining
__Educational Changes
__Foreign Trade
__Emigration and Immigration
__What Are Our Dangers?
__Our Government
__Readjustment of Occupations
__Soldiers on the Farm
__Our Food Problem
__Peace Duties Toward Belgium and France

ILLUSTRATIVE EXTRACTS

__Demobilization of War Agencies
__Illiteracy in the United States
__Community Organization Recommended
__Labor and Wages
__Importance of Merchant Ships
__America Must Become Ship-minded
__A Shipping Board Programme
__Programme of the Food Administration
__Feeding the World
__Alien Property Custodian's Report
__The Railroads' Own Plan

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CHAPTER X
BOLSHEVISM .

__The New War for Civilization
__The Rise of Bolshevism
__The Russian Revolution
__The Fall of Kerensky
__Bolshevik Rule
__Bolshevism Against Democracy
__Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
__Freedom of Speech, Assemblage, and Press
__Religion, Morality, Law
__The Family and Woman
__Class War. Proletariat Dictatorship
__Who Form the Bourgeois Class, That the Bolsheviki Would Destroy Throughout the World?
__Do the Bolsheviki Represent the Majority of the Russian People?
__Practises and Results of Bolshevism
__Bolshevism in the United States and Canada

ILLUSTRATIVE EXTRACTS

__Bolshevist Program of Class War and Conquest
__General Soviet Constitution
__Official Bolsheviki Statements of Steps Taken
__Karl Marx Against National Loyalty, Law, Morality, Religion
__Karl Marx Against the Family
__Karl Marx Would Communize Women
__Bolsheviki Socialization of Women
__Nationalization of Women at Briansk .
__Results of Nationalization of Women
__Classes Entitled to Vote in Russia
__Classes of Russians Disfranchised by Bolsheviki Law
__Official Bolsheviki Massacre Orders
__Bolsheviki Murder Mania
__Bolshevism the Enemy of Religion
__President Wilson's Condemnation of Bolshevism
__Bolsheviki Condemned by Social Revolutionary and Social Democratic Parties of Russia
__Judgment of the Little Grandmother of the Revolution
__Bolshevism, the End of Civilization
__Bolshevik Rations
__Bolshevik Theory of Civil Liberties
__Appeal of Russian Press for Freedom
__Lenine's Repudiation of Equality
__Lenine's Program Address, April, 1918
__Socialist Report on Bolshevist Industry, to the International Convention at Berne
__Bolshevist Wrecking of Production
__Gorki on Bolshevism
__Catherine Breshkovsky on Bolshevism
__The Red Terror Applauded
__Zinovieff Plans to Murder Ten Million
__British White Paper on Bolshevism
__Ruin of Russian Industry
__Revolt of Workmen in Petrograd
__Senate Investigation of Bolshevism
__Lenine Calls Democracy a Shackle
__Composition of the General Soviet
__Trotsky's Confession
__The Revolutionist Bourtseff's judgment
__The Mensheviki Accuse the Bolsheviki
__American Bolshevist Prefers Soviets to Congress
__An American Soviet
__Revolution Not Reform
__Program of Left-Wing Socialists
__Bolshevist Intelligencia in United States
__Bolshevist Declaration of West Canadian Labor
__Secretary Wilson on American Bolshevist Strikes
__Dilemma of the Peace Conference: April 1, '19
__Communist Manifesto of N. Y. Socialists
__Manifesto of the Communist League of N. J.
__Samuel Gompers Against Bolshevism
__Secretary Wilson on Deporting Enemy Aliens
__The Winnipeg Soviet Revolution

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CHAPTER XI
STATISTICS

__Tonnage of Warship Losses
__War Casualties
__Army Casualties
__Civilian Casualties
__Comparative Strength of Armed Forces
__Comparative Rifle Strength
__Prisoners
__Diplomatic Dates

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APPENDICES

__ABSTRACT OF PEACE WITH AUSTRIA
__LETTER OF W.A. WINSHIP
__THE NATIONAL SECURITY LEAGUE

Chapter One